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NVIDIA (NVDA) — Deep Dive

Prices as of the Mon 05 Oct 2026 close · data pulled 2026-10-06 07:30:00+00:00 · refreshed weekly · methodology

Not investment advice

Educational analysis built from public data (Yahoo Finance, Kenneth French Data Library) and explicit model assumptions. Numbers update automatically; the qualitative notes are dated.

Verdict: Buy — 7/8 checks pass

NVIDIA is profitable on an owner-FCF basis, with net cash of USD 23.6bn and consensus revenue of 411.7bn for FY2027 and 687.5bn for FY2028 (+67%). At USD 238.90 the market prices in 30% a year revenue growth after FY2028 (fading to 4%) at a 40% owner-FCF margin, or a 40% margin on the base growth path. The base-case DCF is USD 236 (-1%). Our hourly signal model currently rates it 🟢 Buy (score +0.51).

Check Pass Evidence
Valuation: base-case DCF at or above price ❌ base DCF USD 236 vs price USD 239
Relative value: forward P/E at most 1.2x the peer median ✅ 15.1x FY2028E vs peer median 31.2x
Street: de-biased, shrunk analyst alpha > 0 (ch27) ✅ +2.9%
Momentum: 12-1 month return > 0 (ch11) ✅ +21%
Trend: price above 200-day MA (ch12) ✅ +19% vs 200DMA
Not overbought: RSI(14) below 70 ✅ RSI 67
Fundamentals: revenue growing and FCF positive ✅ revenue +106% y/y, TTM FCF 127.0bn
Balance sheet: net cash ✅ net cash 23.6bn

Snapshot

Metric Value Metric Value
Price USD 238.90 Market cap USD 5,768.7bn
Enterprise value USD 5,745.1bn Net cash USD 23.6bn
52-week range 164.79 – 238.90 From 52w high +0.0%
Trailing P/E (GAAP) 30.2x Forward P/E FY2027 / FY2028 25.7x / 15.1x
PEG (FY+1 P/E ÷ EPS growth) 0.22 EV / TTM revenue 19.0x
TTM revenue USD 303.0bn TTM FCF / after SBC 127.0bn / 119.8bn
Beta vs SPY (raw / Blume) 2.21 / 1.81 Realized vol 20d / 1y 26% / 38%
Analysts / mean target 59 / USD 329 (+37.6%) Next earnings 2026-11-17
Shares out (diluted proxy) 24.147bn Short interest (% float) 1.3%
Sector ETF benchmark SOXX Cash runway (cash ÷ FCF burn) n/a (FCF positive)
Institutions / insiders 71% / 4.01% Dividend USD 1.00

1. Price over time

Price history

Ticker 1M 3M 6M YTD 1Y 3Y 5Y 10Y 10Y CAGR
NVDA +4% +22% +35% +28% +28% +424% +1073% +14172% 64.2%
SOXX +13% +1% +72% +96% +111% +275% +316% +1623% 32.9%
SPY +1% +3% +18% +15% +17% +87% +91% +321% 15.5%
AMD +32% +14% +187% +195% +284% +489% +521% +9218% 57.4%
AVGO +1% -3% +16% +5% +8% +343% +716% +2623% 39.2%
INTC +21% -5% +129% +215% +215% +226% +134% +277% 14.2%
QCOM +7% -3% +45% +7% +9% +74% +58% +254% 13.5%
MRVL +21% +9% +148% +220% +215% +402% +365% +2106% 36.3%
TSM +14% +8% +43% +61% +68% +466% +382% +1907% 35.0%

Largest one-day moves in the last 5 years: 25 May 2023 +24.4%, 27 Jan 2025 -17.0%, 09 Apr 2025 +18.7%, 22 Feb 2024 +16.4%, 10 Nov 2022 +14.3%.

2. Return and risk (ch.5)

Statistics use the 60 complete months to Sep 2026.

Statistic Value What it means
Arithmetic mean (annualized) 61.1% Expected one-period return if the past repeats
Geometric mean (CAGR) 61.8% What a buy-and-hold investor actually earned; the gap ≈ σ²/2 is volatility drag
Standard deviation (annualized) 50.1% 3.2× the S&P 500's 15.7%
Skewness / excess kurtosis -0.04 / -0.23 Left-skewed, thin tails vs normal
5% monthly VaR: historical / normal -17.0% / -18.7% One month in 20 loses at least this much
5% monthly expected shortfall -23.5% Average loss in that worst 5% of months
Sharpe ratio (S&P 500) 1.15 (0.67) Excess return per unit of total risk
Sortino ratio 2.18 Excess return per unit of downside risk
Max drawdown, 5y -66.3% (trough Oct 2022) Currently 0.0% from the peak

Risk

3. Index model, CAPM and factors (ch.8–10)

Regression (60m excess returns) Alpha (ann.) t(α) Beta t(β) R² Residual σ
vs SPY +34.4% 2.07 2.21 7.24 0.47 36.2%
vs SOXX +30.2% 1.74 0.88 6.76 0.44 37.4%
  • Risk decomposition (ch.8): systematic variance β²σ²(M) = 12.0% vs firm-specific σ²(e) = 13.1%, so 48% of the risk is market-driven and 52% is diversifiable.
  • CAPM required return (ch.9): k = r_f + β × MRP = 4.02% + 2.21 × 5.5% = 16.2% (Blume-adjusted β 1.81 → 14.0%, used as the DCF discount rate).
  • Historical alpha of +34.4% a year has a t-stat of 2.07: statistically significant (ch.11: past alpha is a weak guide).
  • Fama-French 5 factors + momentum (ch.10, 150 months to Jul 2026): R² 0.43, alpha +36.2% (t 3.60). Loadings: Mkt-RF +1.68 (t 8.2), SMB -0.20 (t -0.6), HML -0.65 (t -2.0), RMW +0.37 (t 1.0), CMA -0.69 (t -1.5), Mom +0.02 (t 0.1). The loadings describe a size-neutral, growth, high-profitability return profile (SMB > 0 small-cap, HML < 0 growth, RMW < 0 weak profitability, CMA < 0 aggressive investment).

Rolling beta

4. Portfolio fit: allocation and diversification (ch.6–7)

Correlation of monthly returns with NVDA (60m): SOXX 0.67, SPY 0.69, AMD 0.59, AVGO 0.50, INTC 0.23, QCOM 0.49, MRVL 0.49, TSM 0.61.

  • A 50/50 mix with SPY would have had volatility of 31.0% vs 32.9% for the weighted average of the two, a diversification benefit because ρ = 0.69 < 1.
  • Optimal risky share y* = [E(r) − r_f] / (A·σ²), holding NVDA alone against T-bills (σ = 50.1%):
Risk aversion A y* with CAPM E(r) y* with E(r) + Street α
2 24% 30%
3 16% 20%
4 12% 15%
6 8% 10%

Even a risk-tolerant investor would put only a modest share in a single stock this volatile. Ch.7–8 say the efficient choice is the market portfolio plus a Treynor-Black tilt (section 9), not a concentrated position.

5. Financial statements: quality of earnings (ch.19)

Quarter Revenue Q/Q Gross m. Op. m. (GAAP) Net m. R&D % SBC % Diluted EPS FCF FCF m. DSO (days) DIO (days)
2025-07 46.7bn n/a 72.4% 60.8% 56.5% 9.2% 3.5% 1.08 13.47bn 28.8% 54 106
2025-10 57.0bn +22% 73.4% 63.2% 56.0% 8.3% 2.9% 1.30 22.11bn 38.8% 53 119
2026-01 68.1bn +20% 75.0% 65.0% 63.1% 8.1% 2.4% 1.76 34.90bn 51.2% 51 114
2026-04 81.6bn +20% 74.9% 65.6% 71.5% 7.7% 2.4% 2.39 48.59bn 59.5% 45 115
2026-07 96.2bn +18% 75.0% 66.2% 62.0% 7.3% 2.1% 2.46 21.40bn 22.2% 60 119

Fundamentals

  • DuPont, TTM: ROE 120.4% = net margin 63.7% × asset turnover 1.39 × leverage 1.36. Relative to typical levels (10% margin, 0.8 turnover, 2.0 leverage) the biggest driver is net margin.
  • Cash conversion: TTM operating cash flow 134.4bn vs net income 192.9bn. The accruals ratio of +26.9% of assets is positive, so watch the earnings quality.
  • Stock-based compensation of 7.2bn TTM (2.4% of revenue) is a real cost to shareholders. The valuation below uses FCF after SBC (owner FCF margin 39.5%). Buybacks were 55.3bn; share count changed -0.8% over the year.
  • Operating leverage (ch.17): degree of operating leverage 0.92 (last two fiscal years): each 1% change in sales moved EBIT by about 0.9%.

6. Valuation (ch.18)

Valuation

Multiples vs peers (Yahoo Finance, TTM and next-year; peers chosen by hand in config.json):

Ticker Fwd P/E P/S TTM EV/EBITDA FCF yield Rev. growth FY Gross m. EBIT m. ROE TTM Target upside
NVDA 15.1x 19.0x 28.5x 1% 106% 75% 66% 117% 38%
AMD 40.2x 25.0x 106.9x 1% 50% 56% 17% 10% -0%
AVGO 18.7x 19.4x 33.8x 2% 86% 76% 54% 44% 47%
INTC 56.3x 10.8x 37.0x 1% 25% 39% 12% -11% 1%
QCOM 17.7x 4.4x 16.4x 5% -4% 54% 19% 34% 7%
MRVL 40.2x 25.8x 83.9x 1% 36% 52% 17% 17% 8%
TSM 22.2x 0.6x 5.6x n/a 36% 64% 60% 40% 14%
Peer median 31.2x 15.1x 35.4x 1% 36% 55% 18% 25% 8%

Growth embedded in the price (PVGO). With FY2028E EPS of USD 15.80 and k = 14.0%, the no-growth value E₁/k is USD 113.23. PVGO = USD 125.67, which is 53% of the price, so most of the value depends on growth beyond FY2028. No-growth P/E = 1/k = 7.2x vs the actual 15.1x.

Constant-growth check. On TTM owner FCF, P = FCF₁/(k − g) implies a perpetual growth rate of 11.8%, above the 4% long-run nominal-GDP ceiling the book recommends for g.

Scenario DCF (owner FCF, k = 14.0%, terminal g = 4%). The revenue path is FY2027 (411.7bn), then the FY2028 low/avg/high estimate, then growth that fades linearly to 4% over 8 years. Owner-FCF margin ramps from today's 39.5% to the scenario margin over 3 years. Scenario assumptions are generic (derived from consensus growth and today's owner-FCF margin).

Scenario FY2028 revenue Growth after Owner-FCF margin FY2036 revenue Terminal value share Value / share vs price
Bear 416.4bn 15% 30% 902bn 48% USD 69 -71%
Base 687.5bn 30% 40% 2,653bn 54% USD 236 -1%
Bull 778.5bn 40% 49% 4,301bn 57% USD 450 +88%

Reverse DCF: what today's price assumes. On the base revenue path the price requires a steady-state owner-FCF margin of 40%. At the base 40% margin it requires 30% growth after FY2028, or a discount rate of 13.8% (vs the model's 14.0%).

Sensitivity: base revenue path, value per share by discount rate (rows) and steady-state owner-FCF margin (columns).

k \ margin 24% 32% 40% 47% 55%
11.0% 225 297 368 430 502
12.0% 192 253 314 367 427
13.0% 167 219 272 317 370
14.0% 147 193 239 279 324
15.0% 131 171 212 247 287

Earnings-multiple cross-check: FY2028E EPS USD 15.80 × 20x = 316, 25x = 395, 30x = 474, 35x = 553, 40x = 632, 45x = 711. The price implies 15x. The FY2028 EPS range across analysts is 9.80–18.75.

7. Market efficiency and earnings reactions (ch.11)

Market-model abnormal returns (vs SPY, estimated over the 250 days before each event) for the last 12 releases:

Announced Reaction day EPS vs est. Surprise AR day 0 CAR [−1,+1] Drift CAR [+2,+20]
2026-08-26 2026-08-27 2.22 vs 2.09 6.2% +7.5% +1.8% +3.5%
2026-05-20 2026-05-21 1.87 vs 1.77 5.5% -2.2% -5.4% -3.6%
2026-02-25 2026-02-26 1.62 vs 1.54 5.3% -4.5% -8.1% +6.1%
2025-11-19 2025-11-20 1.30 vs 1.26 3.5% -0.4% -1.1% -5.7%
2025-08-27 2025-08-28 1.05 vs 1.01 4.1% -1.5% -4.4% -4.3%
2025-05-28 2025-05-29 0.81 vs 0.75 8.0% +2.3% +0.2% +4.5%
2025-02-26 2025-02-27 0.89 vs 0.85 5.2% -4.0% -1.1% +0.9%
2024-11-20 2024-11-21 0.81 vs 0.75 8.5% -1.1% -6.3% -6.9%
2024-08-28 2024-08-29 0.68 vs 0.64 5.7% -6.6% -8.6% -5.5%
2024-05-22 2024-05-23 0.61 vs 0.56 9.7% +10.8% +11.5% -0.4%
2024-02-21 2024-02-22 0.52 vs 0.46 11.4% +12.1% +8.6% +3.2%
2023-11-21 2023-11-22 0.40 vs 0.34 18.7% -3.7% -6.9% -13.6%
  • Average absolute day-0 abnormal move: 4.7%. The sign of the EPS surprise matched the sign of the reaction 33% of the time, which is close to a coin flip: guidance and commentary matter more than the headline EPS beat.
  • Post-announcement drift: the correlation between the initial reaction and the next-20-day drift is 0.43. A positive value hints at under-reaction (PEAD, ch.11–12), though with only 12 events the evidence is weak.

Event study

8. Technicals and behavioural signals (ch.12)

Indicator Value Read
Price vs 50-day / 200-day MA +9% / +19% Golden cross (50 > 200)
RSI(14) 67 Neutral
12-1 month momentum +21% Positive (Jegadeesh-Titman)
6-month relative strength vs SOXX -21% Laggard
Insider sales / purchases, last 6m USD 1.37bn / USD 0.00bn Net selling, often planned 10b5-1 sales; insider buying is the informative signal (ch.11)
Analyst actions, last 90 days 31 actions, 16 target raises Targets chasing the price is a sign of anchoring and herding (ch.12)
Recent targets below current price 0% Most targets still sit above the price
Ratings (strong buy / buy / hold / sell) 10 / 48 / 2 / 1 Near-unanimous bullishness is crowded positioning
FY2028 EPS estimate: now vs 90 days ago 15.80 vs 12.71 +24% revision; up/down revisions in the last 30 days: 46/0

9. Treynor-Black: should an active manager overweight it? (ch.27)

Step Value
Analyst-implied 12m return (mean target / price − 1) +37.6%
CAPM 1-year required return (raw β) 16.2%
Raw alpha +21.4%
Minus average analyst optimism bias (Top-30 cross-section) -9.9%
Shrunk alpha (× 0.25, for forecast imprecision) +2.9%
Residual variance σ²(e) 13.1%
Initial active weight w₀ = [α/σ²(e)] / [E(R_M)/σ²_M] +9.8%
Beta-adjusted weight w* = w₀ / [1 + (1 − β)w₀] +11.1%

A positive weight means an active manager would hold more than its index weight. The weekly Top-30 pipeline, which uses the same method, gives +9.1% in the combined 30-stock active portfolio.

10. Options market view (ch.20–21)

IV term structure

Expiry Days ATM IV Implied ±1σ move to expiry 90% put − 110% call IV (skew)
2026-10-12 7 26% ±3.5% (±8) +9.7%
2026-10-14 9 27% ±4.2% (±10) +6.6%
2026-10-16 11 28% ±4.9% (±12) +8.2%
2026-10-23 18 28% ±6.3% (±15) +7.3%
2026-10-30 25 29% ±7.6% (±18) +6.3%
2026-11-06 32 30% ±8.7% (±21) +5.9%
2026-11-13 39 29% ±9.6% (±23) +5.2%
2026-11-20 46 34% ±12.0% (±29) +4.5%
2026-12-18 74 33% ±15.0% (±36) +4.3%
2027-01-15 102 34% ±17.8% (±43) +2.5%
2027-02-19 137 34% ±20.9% (±50) +1.6%
2027-03-19 165 36% ±24.1% (±58) +1.8%
2027-04-16 193 36% ±26.2% (±63) +1.5%
2027-06-17 255 37% ±30.7% (±73) +1.5%
2027-09-17 347 38% ±37.4% (±89) +0.5%
  • Earnings-implied move: the jump in variance from the 2026-11-13 expiry (IV 29%) to 2026-11-20 (IV 34%) prices an earnings-day move of ±5.9% (1σ), or about ±4.7% in absolute terms (≈ ±11). Compare the historical average absolute reaction of 4.7% in section 7.
  • Implied vs realized: the ~1-month ATM IV is 30% vs realized 26% (20d) / 38% (60d) / 38% (1y). Options are cheap relative to recent realized volatility, so buying protection is relatively inexpensive.
  • Put-call parity (ch.20): at the ATM strike for 2026-11-06, C − P − (S − PV(K)) = -0.06 per share. Close to zero, as parity requires.
  • Quotes were unavailable when the data was pulled (outside market hours), so implied vols use each contract's last trade price. Treat them as approximate; illiquid strikes can be stale.

Premium-selling menu for holders: the last expiry before earnings (2026-11-13), about 0.15/0.20/0.25/0.30 delta.

Type Strike Bid / Ask Price IV Delta P(expires OTM) Distance Yield Annualized OI
Call 255 – 3.41 28% +0.27 76% +6.7% 1.43% 13% –
Call 260 – 2.34 28% +0.20 82% +8.8% 0.98% 9% –
Call 265 – 1.59 28% +0.15 87% +10.9% 0.67% 6% –
Put 215 – 1.97 33% -0.14 83% -10.0% 0.92% 9% –
Put 220 – 2.71 32% -0.19 78% -7.9% 1.23% 12% –
Put 225 – 3.70 31% -0.25 72% -5.8% 1.64% 15% –
Put 230 – 5.10 30% -0.32 65% -3.7% 2.22% 21% –

Calls = covered calls on shares you own (yield on the share price); puts = cash-secured puts (yield on the strike). Prices are last trades at the data pull and indicative only; check live quotes before trading.

11. Our hourly signal model

The Hourly Trade Signals engine rates NVDA 🟢 Buy with a composite score of +0.51 (as of 2026-10-06 17:12 UTC). It combines the de-biased analyst alpha (40%), 12-1 momentum (25%), quality (20%) and trend (15%), with a penalty when RSI exceeds 75.

12. Qualitative analysis: business, PEST, catalysts and risks

Qualitative notes reviewed 2026-10-06

These notes are written by hand, unlike the auto-refreshed numbers above. Events up to late 2025 come from company announcements. Later developments are inferred from the data (consensus estimates, price reactions) and should be checked against NVDA's 10-Q/10-K filings and earnings calls.

Business in one paragraph

NVIDIA designs accelerated-computing platforms: GPUs, networking, systems, software and libraries used in data centers, gaming, professional visualization, automotive and robotics. Data-center AI is now the overwhelming driver, with CUDA, networking, NVLink, DGX and rack-scale systems turning chips into a platform. The investment case hinges on whether Blackwell and its successors can keep absorbing hyperscaler and AI-lab capex at very high margins while competitors, custom ASICs and export controls fail to erode NVIDIA's software and systems moat.

Key developments

When Event Why it matters
Mar 2024 Announced the Blackwell GPU platform and GB200 rack-scale systems Moved NVIDIA from selling accelerators toward selling full AI factories, networking and software stacks.
2024 Hopper demand stayed supply-constrained while Blackwell prepared for volume ramp Showed that hyperscaler AI demand exceeded near-term supply, supporting pricing power.
Mar 2025 GTC roadmap emphasized Blackwell Ultra, Vera Rubin and annual platform cadence (reported) Reinforced the idea that product cadence, not a single chip cycle, is the moat.
Apr 2025 US export licensing requirements affected H20 China shipments and led to charges (reported) Demonstrated that geopolitics can remove meaningful revenue even when end demand exists.
2025 Blackwell systems ramped across major cloud and AI customers (reported) Made execution, supply chain and customer concentration the central issues for fiscal 2026 and 2027 estimates.

PEST analysis

Factor Tailwinds Headwinds Net
Political US AI leadership priorities and sovereign AI projects support domestic champions. Government and enterprise AI adoption broaden demand. Export controls on China are the biggest policy risk. Taiwan manufacturing exposure, advanced packaging bottlenecks and tariff risk matter. ⚠️
Economic Hyperscaler capex, AI-lab training and inference demand are enormous. Systems and software attach lift revenue per cluster. Customer concentration is high, and AI budgets could pause if returns disappoint. Memory, packaging and power costs can pressure margins. ✅
Social Developers know CUDA, and enterprises increasingly view AI infrastructure as strategic. Gaming brand remains strong. Public pushback on data-center power use, job disruption and AI safety can slow projects. Expectations are extremely high. ⚖️
Technological CUDA, NVLink, networking, compilers and full-stack systems are hard to replicate. Annual cadence keeps customers planning around NVIDIA. Custom ASICs from Google, Amazon, Meta, Microsoft and AI labs target specific workloads. AMD and internal chips pressure price and supply choices. ✅

Bull case vs bear case

  • Bull: Blackwell and Rubin cycles ship on time, inference becomes as large as training, and customers keep standardizing on NVIDIA systems because software and networking lower total risk. Margins stay strong as the company sells platforms rather than just silicon.
  • Bear: Hyperscaler capex normalizes, custom ASICs take more incremental workloads, and export controls permanently close parts of China. Any product slip or capacity mismatch would matter because expectations already assume strong execution.

Catalysts to watch (next 6–12 months)

  1. Late November 2026 Q3 FY2027 results and data-center growth commentary.
  2. Blackwell Ultra and Rubin production milestones, including networking and rack availability.
  3. China export-license decisions and any compliant-chip strategy updates.
  4. Hyperscaler capex guidance from Microsoft, Amazon, Alphabet and Meta.
  5. Evidence of inference revenue, enterprise AI adoption and software attach rates.

What would change the verdict

  • More constructive: continued platform-level backlog, gross margins holding despite mix shifts, and evidence that inference demand is broadening beyond a few mega-customers.
  • More cautious: shipment delays, negative estimate revisions, rising ASIC substitution, or tougher export rules that remove more international demand.

Generated by analyses/deep-dives/deep_dive.py. Quantitative sections refresh weekly; the qualitative notes carry their own review date.